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The Le Plongeon letters came to the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, later the Penn Museum, through a gift of Mrs. In addition to his interest in the Maya culture, Smith was a member of the New York State Agricultural Society. Gates, first President of The Maya Society. Le Plongeon's letters indicate that Smith may have attempted to arrange lectures at The John Carter Brown Library at Brown University for Le Plongeon. Smith corresponded with Augustus Le Plongeon in 19. Smith, was a resident of Schenectady, New York and Pittsfield, Massachusetts and an alumnus of Brown University. In some cases, his photographs are the only record. The legacy of Augustus Le Plongeon consists of his photographs which document ancient ruins and inscriptions that were later damaged or destroyed. He continued to write and lecture wherever an audience could be gathered or a publisher found. Le Plogeon maintained adherance to the belief that the ancient Egyptian civilization had its origins in the Maya civilization of the Northern Yucatan despite the fact that later explorations discredited his beliefs. Le Plongeon also conducted digs on his trip, excavating a Chac-Mool statue at Chichun Itza in 1875. Working as a team, Augustus and Alice Le Plongeon methodically photographed hundreds of pre-Columbian ruins, creating three dimensional images of many sites. ![]() Le Plongeon married Alice Dixon, daughter of Henry Dixon, and traveled with her in the Yucatan from 1873 to 1885. It was Fox who instructed Le Plongeon in the creation of photographic negatives. ![]() ![]() Le Plongeon studied photography in England with Henry Dixon, known for the development of panchromatic photography and William Fox Talbott, considered the father of modern photography. Le Plongeon also maintained a portrait studio in Lima, Peru and established an "electrohydropathic" medical clinic in Lima. In 1851, Le Plongeon returned to England to study photography, opening a daguerreotype portrait studio on his return to San Francisco in 1855. On news of the gold rush in California, Le Plongeon sought his fortune in San Francisco, working as a surveyor and apprenticing with a physician. Smith.Īugustus Le Plongeon, photographer, antiquarian, and amateur archaeologist was born on the Isle of Jersey in 1826, and first traveled to South America at age nineteen. Summary InformationĮxtent: 0.05 linear foot The collection consists of one folder of material with thirteen letters, an article, a program, and the signature of Henry L. Smith's signature is found on a label for the letters. Smith, an article from Appleton's Booklovers Magazine and a brochure from the Lowell Institute. The collection consists of one folder of thirteen letters from Le Plongeon, and two additional pieces of information sent to Henry L. These photographs depict ancient ruins and inscriptions some of which were later damaged or destroyed. Le Plongeon is most noted for his photographs in the Northern Yucatan during travels with his wife, Alice Dixon Le Plongeon, during a thirteen year period from 1873 to 1885. Smith from the photographer, antiquarian, and amateur archaeologist, Augustus Le Plongeon in 19. Smith collection of Augustus Le Plongeon correspondence documents the letters received by Henry L. Smith collection of Augustus Le Plongeon correspondence PU-Mu. Smith collection of Augustus Le Plongeon correspondence ![]() The approval for the coin to enter production never came, which is why this coin is worth a small fortune to collectors today. Its mission was to form a single currency in Europe, and the $4 Gold Stella from 1879 was designed to match the weight and composition of the union’s other coins, namely the Austro-Hungarian 8 florin piece. 1879 $4 Gold Stella – $2,500Įurope had something called the Latin Monetary Union at some point in the past. One such coin was sold back in September 2021 for almost $2,500 on eBay. The 1974 occupies one of the top three spots because of its immense value, but that doesn’t mean you won’t get something for the 1975 version, which can still tally some good money online. There’s the 1794 one, out of which only some 150 to 200 are left in the world, and the 1975 variety, which is more common. government, with Miss Liberty with its flowing hair on the reverse.īut there’s a catch here. The Flowing Hair silver dollar is known to be the first official silver dollar issued by the U.S. 1804 Silver Dollar – Watters-Childs Specimen – $4,140,000 1804 Bust Dollar – Mickley-Hawn-Queller Specimen – $3,877,500 Let’s find out the stories of the most valuable coins that collectors worldwide cherish so much. Some coins are so rare that they command millions on auction, others were accidentally engraved with silly mistakes on them that weren’t noticed until it was already too late and today they’re worth a lot of money just because of that, and some batches were almost completely destroyed, making the few survivors a must have for collectors. That shouldn’t discourage you from rummaging through your jars of coins or spare change though, because there’s still a chance you’ll find a small fortune hidden under your nose. Sure, there are examples of people like the one who found a coin with a metal detector on a beach and that coin was so rare it was valued at $6 million at auction, or others who find rarities tucked away in some box forgotten in a house’s attic, yet not everybody has that luck. But the probability of coming up over one of those in your collection makes it more a dream than a possible reality. The rarest of them all can even be worth millions of dollars. Collecting coins is a fun hobby to have and sometimes, though extremely rare, there’s the possibility of coming up on a unique and extremely valuable coin that’s worth thousands or maybe tens of thousands of dollars. ![]() ![]() You can also create a new PDF file with this application. It is straightforward to use, so anyone can easily use it. 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You will replace most of this later as you pick up the crafted P6 gear. ![]() If you want to get frost resist for your early clears, these are your best options. I don’t recommend Temperstria’s necklace or Icy tomb spaulders as pickups due to the very poor value/time investment required. That temporary pre-epic set only requires you to farm 2 pieces of instanced gear and should give you enough FrR to survive until you can pick up some epic crafted FrR gear. Tip: For an easy to get pre-bis set I’d go with bloodfang hood + frostsaber/brightcloth set + 2 green rings + icy cloak (with enchant) + 2x engy reflectors + frostbite girdle + chillhide bracers. Option 2: Pre-p6 early clear frost resist gear Reaching 240 frost resist already puts you at the 315 cap with typical buffs so mix and match based on which pieces you have. The good news is once you do have the frozen runes, this set is easy to put together and you don’t actually need every single piece because crafted pieces give a massive amount of frost resist for each item. This set is great, but not possible on day 1 due to limited availability of frozen runes. Option 1: Mixed bis resist/crafted frost resist gear (mid/late P6) There’s a few options you can pick depending on your guild and how early it is in p6 + your preference. Part 1 – Gear: What frost resist gear should I get? They do not seem to share a CD with other pots so you could potentially stack ice deflector with greater frost protection potions during early clears for extra survivability. Ice Deflector can be made by engineers and used by anyone. There’s also going to be plenty of people double stacking up Greater Frost Protection Potions with Ice Deflectors to try survive with less frost resist (or just for safety). 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![]() The index was then applied to explore the trends and variations of gender equality in occupation, drawing on an extensive digital collection of materials published by the largest newspaper group in China for both longitudinal (from 1946 to 2018) and synchronic (from 31 provincial-level administrative divisions) data. This quantitative study shows that (1) the use of gendered language has weakened over time, indicating a decline in occupational gender stereotyping (2) conservative genres have shown higher degrees of gendered language use (3) culturally conservative, demographically stable, or geographically remote regions have higher degrees of gendered language use. These findings are discussed with consideration of historical, cultural, social, psychological, and geographical factors. While the existing literature on gendered language has been an important and useful tool for reading a text in the context of digital humanities, an innovative textual analytics approach, as shown in this paper, can prove to be a crucial indicator of historical trends and variations in social development. This experimental online-survey study investigated if different written language forms in German have an effect on male bias in thinking. We used answers to the specialist riddle as an indicator for male bias in mental representations of expertise. ![]() The difficulty of this thinking task lies in the fact that a gender-unspecified specialist is often automatically assumed to be a man due to gender stereotypes. We expected that reading a text in gender-fair language before processing the specialist riddle helps readers achieve control over automatically activated gender stereotypes and thus facilitates the restructuring and reinterpretation of the problem, which is necessary to reach the conclusion that the specialist is a woman. We randomly assigned 517 native German speakers (68% women) to reading a text on expertise written either in gender-fair language or in masculine generics. Subsequently, participants were asked to solve the specialist riddle. The results show that reading a text in gender-fair language before processing the riddle led to higher rates of answers indicating that the specialist is a women compared to reading a text in masculine generics (44% vs. Agent: Daniel Lazar, Writers House.33%) in women and men regardless of their self-stereotyping concerning agency and communion. A well-executed twist will have readers flipping back to see what they missed while cheering the strides made by Libenson’s no-longer-invisible heroine. Katie rises to her defense, but Emmie eventually learns to speak up for herself, realizing that embarrassment isn’t the end of the world and being social isn’t as impossible as she thought. Emmie and Katie share a crush on classmate Tyler, and when a sappy love note Emmie writes to Tyler as a joke is made public, Emmie is humiliated. Katie’s chapters, by contrast, are big, splashy panels that reflect her outgoing personality (“I’m just your average teenage girl,” she says after being offered movie roles and the crown of homecoming queen). With frizzy hair and hunched shoulders, Emmie shows up in tiny vignettes, sandwiched between blocks of text, that make her look as small and insignificant as she feels. School is stressful for shy, quiet Emmie Katie, meanwhile, is breezily popular, confident, and beautiful. In her first children’s book, cartoonist Libenson ( The Pajama Diaries) offers strikingly different visions of seventh grade through two very dissimilar narrators. ![]() The len(indptr) = len(data) + 1 = len(indices) + 1 because for each row, we represent it with the start and end index (similar to how we index a list). The second row contains two values b, c which we then index from 1:3 and so on. In the below example, we see that the first row contains a single value a and so we index it with 0:1. This definition confuses me and I choose to interpret it this way: it tells us how many of the values are contained in each row. indptr: stands for index pointer and returns an array of row starts.In the diagram below, the first non-zero value occurs at row 0 column 5, hence 5 appears as the first value in the indices array, followed by 1 (row 1, column 1). indices: an array of column indices - starting from the first row (from left to right), we identify non-zero positions and return their indices in that row.data: the values of the non-zero values - these are the non-zero values that are stored within the sparse matrix.To efficiently represent a sparse matrix, CSR uses three numpy arrays to store some relevant information, including: compressed sparse column) is used for write-once-read-many tasks. Compressed Sparse Row (CSR)Įven though there are many types of sparse matrices in SciPy such as Dictionary of Keys (DOK) and List of List (LIL), I will only touch on Compressed Sparse Rows (CSR) because it is the most used and widely known format.ĬSR (and also CSC, a.k.a. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each) > 56Ĭlearly, the best performance in terms of both time and space is obtained when we store a sparse matrix with the sparse module. of 7 runs, 100 loops each) > 2880112 %timeit square(B_sparse) print(getsizeof(B_sparse)) > 187 µs ± 5.24 µs per loop (mean ± std. of 7 runs, 1 loop each) > 56 %timeit square(B_full) print(getsizeof(B_full)) > 2.18 ms ± 56.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. of 7 runs, 100 loops each) > 2880112 %timeit square(A_sparse) print(getsizeof(A_sparse)) > 409 ms ± 11.5 ms per loop (mean ± std. %timeit square(A_full) print(getsizeof(A_full)) > 6.91 ms ± 84.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. We then time these different matrices stored in these different forms and also how much memory they use. B_sparse = sparse.csc_matrix(B_full) # Create a square function to return the square of the matrix def square(A): return np.power(A, 2) B_full = np.diag(np.random.rand(600)) # Matrix 4: Store B_full as a sparse matrix. A_sparse = sparse.csc_matrix(A_full) # Matrix 3: Create a sparse matrix (stored as a full matrix). A_full = np.random.rand(600, 600) # Matrix 2: Store A_full as a sparse matrix (though it is dense). import numpy as np from scipy import sparse from sys import getsizeof # Matrix 1: Create a dense matrix (stored as a full matrix). using their row and column indices).īefore we dive into what CSR is, let’s compare the efficiency difference in using numpy arrays versus sparse matrices in both time and space complexity. The idea behind the implementation is simple: Instead of storing all values in a dense matrix, let’s just store the non-zero values in some format (e.g. In Python, sparse data structures are efficiently implemented in the scipy.sparse module, which are mostly based on Numpy arrays. How then do we represent these matrices? Introducing… SciPy’s Sparse Module We shall illustrate using an example below. In addition to space complexity, dense matrices exacerbate our runtimes as well. From a simple logic standpoint, it simply doesn’t make sense to store so many zeros!įrom a mathematical standpoint, if we have a 100,000 x 100,000 matrix, this will require us to have 100,000 x 100,000 x 8 = 80 GB worth of memory to store this matrix (since each double uses 8 bytes)! Time Complexity This is because a full array occupies a block of memory for each entry, so a n x m array requires n x m blocks of memory. 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